Ptolemy I wanted to create the kind of multi-cultural society his late commander and role model Alexander the Great had attempted and Serapis was an important component in this. Osiris - Lord and judge of the dead, one of the First Five gods born of Nut at the dawn of creation, and one of the most popular and enduring gods of Egypt. The book was considered so important it was required instruction for children of the monarchy. She was worshipped at Abydos in the cult center honoring her and Onuris. Nut (Nuit, Newet, and Neuth) is the Egyptian sky goddess depicted supporting the sky with her back, her body blue and covered with stars. Heka was the god of magic and medicine but was also the primordial force, pre-dating all the other gods, who enabled the act of creation and sustained both mortal and divine life. Buchis - Aspect of the Ka (life force/astral self) of the god Montu in the form of a live bull. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. He was lord of the wild animals and weapons and so could control both to protect a person who invoked his name. Mark, J. J. Her role of providing one's destiny was eventually taken over by the Seven Hathors but she continued to be venerated in homes throughout Egypt's history. Fetket - The butler of the sun god Ra who served him his drinks, patron god of bartenders. Ancient Greek mythology is a vast and fascinating group of legends about gods and goddesses, heroes and monsters, warriors and fools, that were an important part of everyday life in the ancient world. His name means "First of the Westerners" (also given as "Foremost of the Westerners") in reference to his role as a god of the dead (associated with the west). Conversely, he is also depicted as protecting the king. Serket (Selket, Serqet or Serkis) - She was a protective and also an important funerary goddess probably originating in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE) and first mentioned during the First Dynasty of Egypt (c. 3150-2890 BCE). His wife, Isis, reassembled his body and resurrected him, allowing them to conceive a son, the god Horus. Serket was almost certainly an early Mother Goddess, and her later role as protector against venomous creatures (especially scorpions) and guardian of women and children reflects those characteristics. Khonsu replaced the earlier god Montu as son of Mut and also took on his protective qualities. He slept until he was needed by Hraf-Hef, the surly Divine Ferryman. She lived in a tree near the gates of the underworld. To that end, there is a theory that the god . Mnevis (Mer-Wer or Nem-Wer) - Mnevis was the sacred bull of Heliopolis considered an aspect of the sun god Ra. He was the patron god of magic and medicine but was also the primordial source of power in the universe. Sia represented the heart, Hu the tongue, and Heka their underlying force which gave them their power. The Greeks equated him with Apollo. Supreme king of the gods in some periods, though originally a minor fertility god. He had his own temple at Heliopolis where he was associated with Osiris in a mummified form symbolizing his protective powers in the afterlife. The Great Deluge, as it was called by some, had enormous influence on Noah story in the Bible. Each had his own cardinal point to guard, his own internal organ to protect, and was watched over by a specific goddess. He was deified after death and worshipped as a god of wisdom. He is the patron god of potters and those who work in ceramics. Ptah - One of the oldest Egyptian gods who appears in the First Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2613 BCE) but most likely dates from the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). Her nurturing qualities were later absorbed by Isis. Mau protected the Tree of Life, which held the secrets of eternal life and divine knowledge, from the evil serprent Apep. Before rising to national importance in the New Kingdom (c. 15391292 BCE), the god Amon was worshipped locally in the southern city of Thebes. Afterwards, Serket followed Isis' example of forgiveness and protected other children from scorpions. Beset - The female aspect of Bes invoked in ceremonial magic. Her priests were largely physicians who invoked her name in healing. Each of Egypt's gods filled an important role in the proper functioning of the cosmos. Sifting through the historical and archaeological evidence, Ancient Gods: Lost Histories, Hidden Truths, and the Conspiracy of Silence by ordained minister Jim Willis probes the myths, stories, history, and facts of ancient civilizations, lost technologies, past catastrophes, archetypical astronauts, and bygone religions to tease out the truth . Depicted as a bull running. Mestjet - A lion-headed goddess worshipped at Abydos as one of the many aspects of the Eye of Ra. Hetepes-Sekhus - A personification of the Eye or Ra who appears as a cobra goddess in the afterlife and destroys the enemies of Osiris. He also decreed that she could not give birth on any day of the year. Taweret is closely associated with Hathor and called "Follower of Horus" both of which distance her from Set. Canopic Jars of NeskhonsThe Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright). He is credited with inventing writing and was the record-keeper of the gods. His name means "Lord" and his was a major deity in Canaan only worshipped in Egypt in the later period of the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE). Banebdjedet - A fertility/virility god who appears as a ram or a man with a ram's head, associated with the city of Mendes, eventually another name for Osiris. Onuris hunts the lion, captures it, and returns it to Ra where it transforms into the goddess Mekhit who then becomes his consort. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U W Y Z. Hathor, for example, was a goddess of music, dancing, and drunkenness but was also understood as an ancient Mother Goddess, also associated with the Milky Way as a divine reflection of the Nile River, and, in her earlier incarnation as Sekhmet, as a destroyer. Shu and Tefnut were the first two gods Atum created either by mating with his shadow or by spitting. She is only mentioned in a Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BCE) inscription as a goddess of a region of Egypt inhabited mainly by Libyans - the 3rd Lower Egypt nome (province). His name is translated as "Instigator of Confusion" and "Destroyer". Heset - Goddess of food and drink associated with beer and enjoyment. In the Ptolemaic period she came to be associated with the Greek goddess Artemis, the divine hunter and goddess of the moon. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/. Known also as the "Dweller in Orion", Pyramid Text chapter 186 welcomes the soul, "In the name of the Dweller in Orion, with a season in the sky and a season on earth" which can be understood as, "with a season in the sky after a season on earth". November 14, 2018 | Ancient History, Religion Paula Fredriksen How is the ancient Jewand, later, the ancient Christiandistinguished from his contemporary neighbor, the pagan? Onuris was considered a son of Ra and associated with the god Shu. God of war and patron of the Egyptian army. Triads - Important groupings of three deities, usually a father-god, mother-god, and child-god, the two best known being the Theban Triad of Amun, Mut, and Khons and the Abydos Triad of Osiris, Isis, and Horus. The god Onuris hunts it down and returns it to Ra where it becomes (or gives birth to) Menhit who then becomes consort to Onuris. In general, however, in the popular piety of the Greeks, the myths were viewed as true accounts. Temperatures will rise during the summer meaning the Path of the Gods trail will be both hot and crowded. Hedetet - Goddess of scorpions and protectress against their venom, an early version of Serket. She is depicted as a cow or a woman with a cow's head and evolved from the earlier goddess Bat. In Egyptian medicine he was called upon for healing aromas to cure disease and associated with incense. During the time of the Roman Empire, she was worshipped in every corner of their realm from Britain through Europe to Anatolia. He is depicted as a mummified man wearing a skull cap holding the Was scepter of authority with the ankh and djed symbols at the top. Wadj-Wer (Uat-Ur) - The personification of the Mediterranean Sea whose name means "The Great Green". Hapy - Also known as Hapi, a protector god, one of the Four Sons of Horus who protected the canopic jar holding the lungs. They had names like Far-Strider, Fire-Embracer, Demolisher, Disturber, Owner of Faces, and Serpent Who Brings and Gives, among others. He was a personification of corn and associated with Osiris as a fertility god. Bibliography In one myth, the Eye of Ra departs for Nubia where it transforms itself into a lioness. Nehebkau (Nehebu-Kau) - "He Who Unites the Ka", was a protector god who joined the ka (aspect of the soul) to the body at birth and united the ka with the ba (winged aspect of the soul) after death. Naunet is his female aspect and consort. Merit - The goddess of music who helped to establish cosmic order through musical means. She represented the constellation Draco and was a protectress of the sun barge as it made its way through the underworld. Her statue appears with those of Isis, Nephthys, and Serket in Tutankhamun's tomb. She was part of the Triad of Heliopolis along with Mnevis and Anubis. Khepri - An aspect of Ra the sun god in his morning form, represented by the scarab beetle. Ma'at walked with one through life, was present in the form of the Feather of Truth at the soul's judgment after death, and continued as a presence in the paradise of the Field of Reeds. For example, Anubis is recognizable by his jackal-head, while Hathor is known for her bovine horns. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He was the patron god of libraries and of scribes. Nu (Nun) and Naunet - Nu was the personification of the primordial chaos from which the world arose. Ennead - The nine gods worshipped at Heliopolis who formed the tribunal in the Osiris Myth: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, and Set. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Nefertum was born from the bud of the blue lotus flower at the dawn of creation and was originally an aspect of Atum. During the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE), when Egyptian gods were hellenized, he was known as Agathodaimon, the serpent deity who could tell one's future. Please support World History Encyclopedia. She ravaged the land until the other gods implored Ra to stop her before humans were destroyed completely. Her cult reenacted the sacred marriage between Qudshu and Reshep, a ritual long associated with the Cult of Ishtar/Inanna in Mesopotamia and Astarte in Phoenicia. She is associated with Hathor and is depicted as closely resembling Hathor with the uraeus on her head holding the solar disk, sometimes with two feathers over the disk. Blog. Min is depicted as a man holding his erect penis in one hand with the flail of authority in the other. His image was softened by others showing his benign and peaceful side as lord of the wine press and this was softened further as he became associated with oils and perfumes. Am-Heh - A god in the underworld, "devourer of millions" and "eater of eternity" who lived in a lake of fire. Field of Reeds - The Egyptian paradise in the afterlife which the soul was admitted to after passing successfully through judgment and being justified by Osiris. She is also linked to Sothis (Sopdet), the personification of the star Sirius whose appearance in the night sky heralded the inundation. Consort of Anhur. Lady of the Acacia - One of the names of the goddess Iusaaset, "Grandmother of the Gods", later given to Hathor. In this capacity, she appeared as a fire-breathing cobra who drove away the enemies of the king. Her name means "Snake Who Nourishes" and she was goddess of nursing and rearing children. She arose from the totemic symbol of the nome (province) of the region around Mendes, which was a fish. The two are referred to as "The Two Ladies". He is referred to as "Father of the gods" in the Pyramid Texts and was an important aspect of funerary rites where he welcomed the king to the afterlife. These creatures had nowhere to live and so Shu and Tefnut mated to give birth to Geb (earth) and Nut (sky). Cite This Work Tayet (Tait) - Goddess of weaving who provided the clothes for the king. She was thought to have invented birth and was closely associated with living and growing things. Every male god has a female counterpart or a feminine aspect, the four goddesses Isis, Neith, Nephthys, and Serket watch over the Four Sons of Horus, and the Ogdoad was the grouping of the eight gods of creative substances. Kherty reigned over the entrance and hallways leading to the Hall of Truth while Osiris had reign over the Hall and the Field of Reeds. Neith - One of the oldest and most enduring deities of ancient Egypt, worshipped from the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE) through the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE), the last to rule Egypt before it was taken by Rome. After the primordial mound rose from the waters of chaos at creation, Atum (Ra) sent his children Shu and Tefnut out to create the world. But these could change over time as gods rose and fell in importance and evolved in ways that corresponded to developments in Egyptian society. Aphrodite. Andjety - Early god of fertility associated with the city of Busiris (Andjet). In the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE) he was said to rule the afterlife with Osiris. The Greeks believed Aphrodite was created from the foam of the sea on the shores of Paphos, Cyprus. Nefertum (Nefertem) - God of perfume and sweet aromas. Imagery of the Virgin Mary holding her son Jesus comes directly from Isis cradling her son Horus and the Dying and Reviving God figure of Jesus himself is a version of Osiris. Wadjet is known as Weret-Hekau, as is Isis, but the name seems to have also designated a specific goddess of protection depicted as a rearing serpent although this could simply be Wadjet in her aggressive form. Ra has different names because their is different parts of Egypt. Shu - The primordial god of the air whose name means "Emptiness". She features in stories concerning the Eye of Ra and is one of the personifications of the Distant Goddess motif where the Eye of Ra departs from the god and is returned, or returns itself, bringing transformation. His symbols are the Eye of Horus and the hawk. His birth is honored in wall inscriptions at birth houses in Dendera in the belief that joy and music should welcome children to earth at their birth. It is believed that depictions of Isis with the infant Horus influenced Christian imagery of Mary with the infant Jesus. He lived c. 2667-2600 BCE and was a polymath expert in many fields of study. Known as "She of the West", Amenet was the consort of the Divine Ferryman. Horus - An early avian god who became one of the most important deities in ancient Egypt. In every story told of him, Thoth is the divine friend and benefactor of humanity who gave people understanding through the gift of the written word. Son of Nephthys and Osiris, father of Qebhet. Mau - The divine cat who, in some stories, is present at the dawn of creation as an aspect of Ra. Geb - God of the earth and growing things. He presided over the south, had the form of a human male, and was watched over by Isis. Anuke - A war goddess originally and one of the oldest deities of Egypt, sometimes consort of Anhur, god of war. Daughter of Hathor and Horus. Tutu - A protective god known as "He Who Keeps Enemies at a Distance", worshipped during the latter part of Egypt's history. She is depicted as a cat or a woman with a cat's head, and her major cult center was at Bubastis. The king was thought to be the living incarnation of Horus and, through him, the god gave all good things to his people. Haurun - A protector god associated with the Great Sphinx of Giza. Help. Tetrads - Representations of completeness corresponding sometimes to the four cardinal points of the compass and best represented by the Four Sons of Horus. She is further associated with gratitude and a thankful heart. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! In Egyptian mythology, she is given as a consort to Set, along with Anat, by the goddess Neith. Tenenit (Tenenet or Tjenenet) - Goddess of beer, brewing and childbirth. Nehmetawy - A protector goddess whose name means "She Who Embraces Those in Need". Imsety - A protector god, one of the Four Sons of Horus who protected the canopic jar holding the liver. She was the most important goddess of Lower Egypt in early history and continued to hold a prominent position in worship for millenia. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Related Content Anat - Goddess of fertility, sexuality, love, and war. She is depicted as a woman wearing a crown with an ostrich feather. His name means "He who is from Andjet" associated with the djed symbol. In this capacity, she is linked to the inundation of the Nile. The text of Gods & Goddesses Ancient Egypt states "Human beings were born from the tears of Atum" (also known as Ra). Ma'at embodied the principle of ma'at (harmony) which was central to the culture of ancient Egypt. Wadjet - A great protective goddess and patroness of Lower Egypt, one of the oldest deities in the Egyptian pantheon, represented as the rearing cobra which became the king's insignia (the uraeus). Kek was the god of the hours before dawn and was known as "Bringer-in-of-the-Light" as he guided the sun barge of the god Ra toward the sky from the underworld. Osiris was originally a fertility god who grew in popularity and influence through the Osiris Myth in which he is killed by his brother, Set, brought back to life by his wife Isis, fathers sky god Horus, and descends to the underworld as Judge of the Dead. Anubis - God of the dead associated with embalming. In the Greco-Roman period she was identified with the Greek goddess Aphrodite and her cult spread as far west as Great Britain and as far east as Afghanistan. Ptah was the head of a triad of gods worshipped at Memphis. Isis gives birth to Osiris' son, Horus, who grows up to challenge set for the throne. Quite likely invoked as a protectress of widows but references to her are rare and Isis fulfilled that role as she did so many others. Hathor was famously associated with the sycamore tree and known as "Lady of the Sycamore" but Isis was also linked to this tree. When they returned, he was so happy he shed tears of joy which became human beings. Geb is the son of Shu and Tefnut, husband of Nut, the sky. Kek and Kauket were the male/female aspects of darkness but not in any way associated with evil. Historian Margaret Bunson writes: The numerous gods of Egypt were the focal points of the nation's cultic rites and personal religious practices. Books Heqet (Heket) - Goddess of fertility and childbirth, depicted as a frog or a woman with the head of a frog. She is depicted as a woman wearing a leopard skin over a robe with a headband holding a stick with a star on top. Sopdu was associated with Horus and the deified king in his astral form. Arensnuphis - Companion to the goddess Isis and worshipped primarily at her sacred site at Philae. Some gods were stars, others were humans and animals. Greek mythology, body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks. Imhotep - The vizier of king Djoser (c. 2670 BCE) who designed and built the Step Pyramid. Because the right and left eyes of Horus were associated, respectively, with the sun and the moon, the loss and restoration of Horuss left eye gave a mythical explanation for the phases of the moon. In some inscriptions it is synonymous with the Field of Reeds. Similar to The Fates of the ancient Greeks, no one could resist or alter Shay's decisions. He is closely associated with ma'at the concept and Ma'at the goddess who personified harmony in that he served as a just mediator between the gods in their disputes. She was the daughter of Ra and, in some stories, wife of Horus the Elder. Her association with measurements eventually made her the patroness of builders, architects, and those who dealt in accounting for cattle, other animals, and captives seized in war. Min - An ancient fertility god from the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). She also had an important funerary aspect, being known as the lady of the west. (Tombs were generally built on the west bank of the Nile.) She is sometimes seen as the consort of Khnum, god of the Nile at Elephantine where the Egyptians believed the river originated and is associated with the Eye of Ra and Distant Goddess motif in some tales where she returns from a great distance to bring transformation. Eventually she was absorbed into Isis. Celestial Ferryman (Hraf-haf) - "He Who Looks Behind Him", the surly boatman who ferried the souls of the justified dead across Lily Lake to the shores of paradise in the Field of Reeds. No temples were ever raised to him but he is referenced in some manuscripts which indicate he was a concern to seafarers who may have worn amulets with his image for protection. Cavern Deities - A group of nameless gods who lived in caverns in the underworld and punished the wicked and helped the souls of the justified dead. Egyptian Gods - The Complete List. Mut was a protector deity associated with Bastet and Sekhmet. Along with Hardedef and Imhotep, one of the few human beings deified by the Egyptians. She is depicted as a woman with a house on her head. Sobek lived on a mythical mountain at the horizon which he ruled from and so was linked to the authority of the king as he, himself, was lord of a domain. He was the patron god of the city of Thebes - the ancient Egyptian capital situated along Nile River. 2023-06-04 "Blessings from the Trinity" In this role he was benevolent but some inscriptions suggest he was an enemy of order who threatened the deceased king on his entrance to the underworld. She was eventually absorbed into Isis. As a fertility goddess, she was further linked to the Nile River and the inundation and so with Hapi, the god of the fertile mud of the Nile. He is associated with rebirth and transformation through his link to the sun god and flowers. Ha - A protector god, Lord of the Western Deserts also known as Lord of the Libyans. The Cult of Isis was the strongest opponent of the new religion of Christianity between the 4th-6th centuries CE, and iconography, as well as tenets of belief, of the Isis cult were incorporated into the new faith. She is only known from a single stela at Abydos which shows her standing with the ankh in one hand and a staff in the other as a woman and her daughter approach to pay her homage. Courtesy of Wikipedia. Ogdoad - The eight gods representing primordial elements of creation: Nu and Naunet (water); Heh and Hauhet (infinity); Kek and Kauket (darkness); Amun and Amaunet (hiddenness, obscurity). Along With the Gods: The Two Worlds is a South Korean film that features the Theory of Reincarnation (or Samsara), . This strict, undivided loyalty was the basis of the covenant relationship God established between himself and the people of Israel. There are examples of other triads, however, which did not follow this pattern such as the Amun-Ra-Ptah Triad where all three gods represented the same celestial power (the sun). That the myths contained a considerable element of fiction was recognized by the more critical Greeks, such as the philosopher Plato in the 5th-4th century bce. She was invoked regularly for protection of children and help during pregnancy and birth. Commonly understood to be the husband of the seven cows which are seen with him. Wenenu - A protective god, aspect of Osiris or sometimes Ra, consort of Unut. He was god of the desert to the west of Egypt, son of the god Iaaw who was probably also a desert god. Specifically, she guarded the necropolis of the Valley of the Kings. She was also a grain goddess known as "Lady of the Fertile Fields" and "Lady of the Granaries" who protected the harvest and was the mother of Nepri, god of grain. Reshep is further linked to Mesopotamia through his identification in iconography with the Mesopotamian war god Nergal. He was later considered his own deity and became associated with sweet-smelling flowers. Roman Empire, she is depicted as a consort to Set, along with Anat, by the Sons. Was later considered his own deity and became associated with the flail of authority the... 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The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike funerary aspect, known! And associated with the infant Jesus to Anatolia is associated with Bastet and Sekhmet specific goddess skin! Appears as a fertility god to hold a prominent position in worship for.... Compass and best represented by the Four Sons of Horus and the people of.... Names because their is different parts of Egypt & # x27 ; s filled. A Triad of gods worshipped at Memphis History Encyclopedia logo is a theory that god... In importance and evolved from the foam of the Valley of the compass and best represented by Egyptians... Was probably also a desert god in some periods, though originally a minor god... Arensnuphis - Companion to the inundation of the Western Deserts also known as `` she of the Libyans animals! ) who designed and built the Step Pyramid role in the popular piety the! 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